New Product Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Product - Research Paper Example This paper proposes to launch a new car, Eco-Zen, which will be running on water-fuelled technology. It has been observed that segmentation of market and targeting potential consumers are essential prior to the launch of a new product. It helps in making marketing mix for a particular product (Wedel, Kamakura and Bà ¶ckenholt, â€Å"Marketing data, models and decisions†). There are generally four major market segmentation procedures such as: To segment the market for Eco-Zen, geographical and socioeconomic factors will be followed. Among geographical factors metropolitan areas have been considered and among socioeconomic factor income is the most important variable for this product. According to the researchers, certain section of consumers prefers to purchase a premium product as it is closely related to the status symbol. It also satisfies their high self-esteem (Goyat 45-55). Manufacturers are launching this product to promote green-marketing concept and this car will completely eliminate toxic emissions that are currently rampant in the existing automobile industry. So, market segmentation of the car is being done on the basis of geographical factors and marketers need to find regions where consumers are ready to experiment with new innovation. In the introductory phase Eco-Zen will be accepted in metropolitan areas only because these areas are already equipped with required physical infrastructures such as broad roads and highways. To be more specific and accurate about right customer, the market must be further segmented into socioeconomic categories such as their income and affordability in particular. Income is the most important determinant to decide whether the customer is able to purchase the car or not. This is the main reason why the purchasing power of consumers is important variable here. The product is going to follow a premium pricing strategy, so consumers in the higher income group

Customer Value Marketing Essay Example for Free

Customer Value Marketing Essay This report based on the study of â€Å"Customer Value Marketing† starts with introduction section. We have mentioned the contents of the study in objectives of the report section. The methodology section deals with the means of preparation of this report and the processes that we have followed. Then the report describes the theoretical aspects of the study in the literature review. This section mainly consists of brief description about different important topics about customer value marketing. Finally in the last section, the report is concluded with findings, bibliography and appendix over the topic. The appendix section contains some International Journals on Customer value marketing. INTRODUCTION Today’s marketing process is highly customer focused. It is all about creating customer value and building profitable customer relationship. Customers are at the center of marketing process. The main theme of marketing is to create customer value and to capture value from customers in return. The goal of every marketer is to create more value for customers. Customers usually face a broad array of products and services that might satisfy a given need. Among these products or services, customers have to choose the products that give them optimum value and satisfaction. That is why creating customer value is considered to be the most important task to be performed by marketing today. The marketers do it through â€Å"customer value delivery system†, a system which is made up of the value chains of a company and its suppliers, distributors and ultimately its customers who work together to deliver value to customers. To deliver superior value to customers the marketers have to design a customer driven marketing strategy. The proper implementation of this strategy will give customers a perceived value, therefore, satisfaction. While buying a product or service, a customer is buying satisfaction. Highest value is derived when a customer is fully satisfied with his or her purchase. Today, value is considered to be an important constituent of relationship marketing and the ability of a company to provide superior value to its customers is regarded as one of the most successful competitive strategies for business. Hence, today’s marketing needs to be based on the concept of customer value. OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT This report mainly discusses the following subjects: †¢Customer Value †¢Customer Value Strategy †¢Customer Value Positioning Model †¢The implementation of Customer Value Strategy †¢Hypothesis Regarding Customer value †¢Propositions on Customer Value †¢Methods of Customer Value Assessment †¢Customer Lifetime Value METHODOLOGY OF THE REPORT The report in this study is basically a descriptive one. Here, both the primary and the secondary data are been used. The primary data has been collected from lectures given on this topic in the classroom. The secondary sources of data are our textbooks, various international journals different websites. LITERATURE REVIEW Customer value strategy: Customer value strategy is doing things differently from the competitors and transferring different values to the customers. There are six principles of strategic positioning. They are: †¢Strategy should have the right objectives. †¢The value of positioning should be distinguished from the competitors. †¢Strategic thinking should be reflected from the unique value chain. †¢In order to pursue the uniqueness in certain areas, we must give up some of the other characteristics of products, services or activities. †¢Strategy should enable the effective integration of various activities. †¢Strategy should have sustained direction. Customer Value Positioning Model: A Successful business is always based on its selection of the target customers for value positioning. Customers can be roughly divided into three types, but for different customers have different types of value positioning model: †¢Customers are interested in up-to-dated, modern product. Organizations which meet the needs of these customers can orient the value on â€Å"product leadership†. For example, Microsoft, Hp. †¢Customers prefer cost-effective products and services. They prefer convenient purchase and high quality service. The organizations which aim at this target group of customers orient the value on â€Å"operational excellence†. For example, Wal-Mart, Fed-Ex. †¢Customers want to get exactly what they need, even if they have to pay a higher cost or wait a little longer. Companies which serve these types of customers are committed to improving â€Å"customer intimacy†. For example, Honda, British Airways. The implementation of Customer Value Strategy: Once the customer value strategy is established, the company must ensure the implementation of the strategy by committing everyone in the workplace to its objectives and building support system for it. For this the business must ensure the followings: 1.Strengthening management for core competency: The practice of a strong management system is a prerequisite for achieving customer value. A dynamic management system is needed so that the value strategy can be effectively implied. 2.Establishing culture of the company based on customer value: In order to achieve the strategic objectives of a company, it is necessary to develop a culture based on customer value so that the idea of customer value is deep in the heart of everyone in the workplace. 3.Establishing a highly integrated value system: A highly integrated value system means company’s self-reinforcing system of various activities. 4.Establishing an effective performance measuring system: While implementing customer value strategy, companies continuously measure the performance with goal. Therefore, company should have an effective performance measuring system so that any deviation can be analyzed carefully. 5.Establishing the network marketing system: With the help of network marketing system companies can understand customer’s needs in a better way and thus can strengthen the implementation of customer value strategy. Hypothesis: Rajagopal (2006) has established some hypothesis regarding customer value. They are as follows: †¢Higher perceived value acquired by the customer help consumers to determine their buying decision on the non-conventional products of unfamiliar brands in the market. †¢The brand value of the product is enhanced by developing the communication tools effectively by the firm which help augment the customer value by marginalizing the gap between consumer perception and product attributes. †¢The brand value, quality of the product, competitive advantage and price along with other relational variables determine the customer value. †¢The product attractiveness combined with the effective informational sharing and retailing services help augmenting by providing competitive advantage. Here are some other hypothesis by Weinstein and Abratt (2009): †¢There is a significant correlation between service received from a professional service and customer retention. †¢There is a significant correlation between quality received and customer retention. †¢There is a significant correlation between the image of a professional service and customer retention. †¢There is a significant correlation between the prices charged and customer retention. †¢There is a significant correlation between overall value received from a professional service and customer retention. Propositions: Andreassen (1997) has made some propositions on customer value. They are: †¢Perceived quality is believed to have a positive impact on value †¢Perceived quality and value are believed to have a positive impact on customer satisfaction. Methods of customer value assessment: James, Dipak Pradeep (1993), introduced some methods for assessing customer value. They are as follows: †¢Internal engineering assessment †¢Field value-in-use assessment †¢Indirect survey questions †¢Focus group value assessment. †¢Direct survey questions †¢Conjoint analysis †¢Benchmarks †¢Compositional approach †¢Importance ratings Customer Lifetime Value: According to Phillip, Mark Robert (2004), â€Å"Customer Lifetime Value is the present value of the future cash flows attributed to customer relationship.† Therefore, Customer Lifetime Value (CLV), also known as Lifetime Customer Value (LCV) or Lifetime Value (LTV) is the net present value of the cash flows recognized from the relationship with a customer. This is a parameter to determine exactly how much a customer is worth in monetary terms and therefore exactly how much a marketing department should be willing to spend to acquire each customer. According to Jason, Ashutosh and Roberto (2010), â€Å"CLV makes it possible to explicitly link long-term financial returns to marketing actions.† They think that CLV has been gaining significance for two reasons: First, many traditional marketing metrics are not sufficient to evaluate return on marketing investments. Second, customers are not equally profitable. So, it is necessary to understand customer value at individual level which can be done with the help of CVL. CLV is typically used to calculate the cost of acquisition of a customer. For example, if a new customer costs 50000 TK to acquire and his or her lifetime value is 60000 TK, then the customer is considered to be profitable. FINDINGS 1.Customer value helps to develop manage customer relationship 2.Customer expectation and customer satisfaction are closely related with customer value 3.There are some principles of strategic positioning which can be applied in doing things differently from the competitors and transferring different values to the customers 4.Success in business depends on selection of the target customers for value positioning. 5.The practice of a strong management system is needed for achieving customer value. 6.Developing a culture based on customer value is necessary to achieve the strategic objectives of a company. 7.A highly integrated value system effective performance measuring system is important for the implementation of customer value strategy. 8.Network marketing system helps to understand customer’s needs in a better way 9.Some hypotheses established by various scholars are helpful for delivering superior customer value. 10. Important methods should be followed for assessing customer value 11.Customer Lifetime Value explicitly links long-term financial returns to marketing action. It also helps to understand customer value at individual level. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.Komulainen Hanna; Mainela Tuija; Tahtinen Jaana; Ulkuniemi Pauliina (2004) â€Å"Exploring Customer Perceived value in a Technology Intensive Service Innovation†, volume 20, page 27. 2.Ravald Annika; Gronroos Christian, (1996),†The Value Concept and Relationship Marketing†, volume 30, page 12. 3.Lia Chia Chi;(2003) â€Å"The role of Customer perceived value in Generating Customer Satisfaction: An E-business perspective† volume 5, page 15. 4.Lam Shun Yin; Shankar Venkatesh; Erramilli and Murthy; Krishna Bvsan, (2004), †Customer value, Satisfaction, Loyalty and Switching cost: An illustration from a Business to Business Service Context†, volume 32, page 20. 5.Rajagopal, (2006), â€Å"Brand value, Preferences and Customer value effect of Non-conventional utility products: An experimental analysis in Mexican market†, page 23. Weinstein Art and Abratt Russel(2009) â€Å"Marketing Intelligence Planning† Volume 27 No. 5 page 19, 2009 6. 7. Andreassen Tor Wallin (1997) â€Å"The International Journal of Service Industry Management†, volume. 8, No 4, Page 33 Anderson James C. Jain Dipak C. Chintagunta Pradeep K.(1993), â€Å"Journal of Business to Business Marketing†Volume 1(1) , Page 29 Pfeifer Phillip E., Haskins Mark E. Conroy Robert M. Journal of Managerial Issues (2004) page 25 Zhang Jason Q. , Dixit Ashutosh and Friedmann Roberto (2010), â€Å"Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice† Volume 18 no. 2, Page 13 7. 8.www.wikipidia.com

Online Banking Advantages and Disadvantages

Online Banking Advantages and Disadvantages Jump to: Advantages of Online Banking | Disadvantages of Online Banking | Types of Online Banking | Findings | SWOT Analysis of Online Banking | Banking Security Systems | Issues of Implementing Online Banking | Government Role in Online Banking | Recommendation | Conclusion OVERVIEW On ONLINE BANKING Information technology has become the platform of banking as a whole, especially of online banking. Though this is an entirely new term for out country, due to the intense competition its application is increasing rapidly. Now a day, it has become almost obligatory on the part of the banks to implement this. The online banking services that we are getting now are limited to some extent in most cases. But it is expected that in near future we are going to get the fullest service from online banking. We are also expecting that the influence of online banking will be greatly upbeat for both the clients and service providers. INTRODUCTION E-Banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic and interactive communication channels. Online banking (Internet banking) is a term used for performing transactions, payments etc. over the internet through a banks secure website. This can be very useful, especially for banking outside bank hours (which tend to be very short) and banking from anywhere where internet access is available. In most cases a web browser such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox is utilized and any normal internet connection is suitable. It is an umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically without visiting a brick-and-mortar institution. With the help of E-Banking customers can access their banks without having to be physically present at the bank branch. In Bangladesh the idea of online banking was conceived in 1996 but the commercial operation started in 2001. Banks use a variety of services for Online Banking such as PC banking, Home Banking, Electronic Banking or Internet Banking. These systems offer certain advantages over traditional banking methods. Advantages of Online Banking For Consumers: The privacy of customers. Online services are available for consumers 24 hours daily during the whole week. Customers might save time and efforts of doing their finance transactions. It will be easy for them to view all information they need clearly and simply. Searching of any branch of a bank will be accessibly by online users. For Banks: One way of attracting more customers is to use their services. Increasing the banks reputation around the world is well known by many people. It doesnt need to employ lots of suffer or bankers to deal with customers directly. Banks can deal simply with their branches all over the world with one network. Disadvantages of Online Banking For consumers Some people feel uncomfortable to provide their passwords or any kind of information about their funds over the internet. Some websites might be difficult for consumers for the first time to check their finance. It is possible for banks to update their websites, which needs from consumers to type in again their data. It is necessary to have knowledge and skills on using the Internet. For Banks Banks may require big amount of money to establish a website with attractive features. They may lose their information if the network is damaged with other branches. Hacking and viruses will cause problems for online banking, which could brake and damage the information. Types of online banking The common assumption is that Internet banking is the only method of online banking. However, this is not strictly the case, as several types of services are currently available: PC Banking: The forerunner to Internet banking has been around since the late 1980s and is still widely used today. Individual banks provide software which is loaded on to an SMEs office computer. The SME can then access their bank account via a modem and telephone link to the bank. Access is not necessarily via the Internet. Internet Banking: Using a Web browser, a user can access their account, once the banks application server has validated the users identity. Digital TV Banking: Using the standard digital reception equipment (set top box and remote control); users can access their bank account. Abbey National and HSBC services are available via digital TV providers. One of its main selling points is that no account details are transmitted via the World Wide Web. This service is absent in our country. Telephone (Mobile) Banking: It includes the banking through using the Telephone operator whether public or private with wire or wireless. Its a form of e-banking that helps the household who have no facility to access Internet and computer. Now phone and online banking in Bangladesh only offer services such as balance check and request for statement. But the mobile banking allows fund transfer, paving the way for money transaction through cell phones across the country Text phone (SMS) Banking: Many of the national and multinational banks have introduced this service to allow customers with text phones to check their balance, pay bills and transfer money. ONLINE BANKING: Products Services of  Different banks in Bangladesh Eastern Bank Limited Credit Card: The brand name of credit card of EBL is Simple Credit Card. The basic features of EBL credit cards are: its free for its clients for all time, it can be used for balance transfer, mobile alert facilities, it has world wide acceptability, Immediate cash advance service, risk assurance program, convenient payment option and global emergency assistance service etc. Debit Card: EBL has introduced the Debit Card for the savings Account holder who can use it to meet immediate obligation if he/she has enough balance to his/her bank account just after going to their ATM booths available with its each branch and sharing with others. Life-Style Card and Cool Card: These Cards are introduced only for the students for a soft condition but having a great exposure. Phone Banking: EBL Providing Phone Banking facilities to its clients as a part of online banking facilities. SMS Banking: EBL uses the SMS Banking to provide services to the grass-root level customers. Here a fixed SMS code is fixed for each specific service. DHAKA BANK LIMITED Phone Banking: The DBL has brought a great change in Phone Banking. Now this facility is getting so popularity. Internet Banking: All its ATM booths as well as branches are connected through Internet for which the any information among branches can be transferred within a moment. SMS Banking: The DBL is using the SMS Banking to provide services to the grass-root level customers. Here a fixed SMS code fixed for each specific service. International Card: Its a card which is accepted World-wide for Purchase Cash Withdrawals. Its a great service for its customers. Debit Card: It has been providing Debit Card facilities to its customers who can meet their money withdrawal matters at any ATM booths of its own operated or sharing with others to provide the security of its clients money. Credit Card: The Dhaka Bank has been providing the Credit Card facilities to its customers interest. Its named as Dhaka Bank VISA Credit Card. TRUST BANK LIMITED Credit Card: The Trust Bank uses the VISA Credit Card for Local, International and Dual Currencies. Its one of the banks personal banking services. Debit Card: The Trust Bank uses the Trust VISA-Electron Debit Card for local, international and dual currencies. It is one of the banks automated services to the customers. Phone Banking: It has such services for its customers. Internet Banking: It deals all the foreign transactions through the Internet Banking. SMS Banking: It deals with the grass-root clients through providing the SMS Banking services. DUTCH-BANGLA BANK LIMITED Bangladesh Bank data shows that there are about 600 ATMs in the country. The number was less than 300 a year ago. Currently, Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited has the largest network with 260 ATMs, with up to 12 new booths coming every month. Thirteen banks can use DBBL booths. Besides, the bank has an agreement with Q-Cash, allowing ATM cardholders of Mercantile Bank and Trust Bank to take cash from the same booths. Also, Dutch-Bangla Bank clients can use all Q-Cash outlets. The bank has a similar agreement with E Cash that runs 24 booths across the country. Now a day, they are providing truly Online Banking. Credit Card: The Dutch-Bangla Bank is only the bank which has more ATM booths than any other banks operating their business in Bangladesh. The DBBL-Nexus Credit Card is one of the medium which it permits to withdraw a certain limits of money from its booths. Debit Card: It is another product through which the Card holder is able to withdraw the money amount from his/her account. Its known as the DBBL-Nexus Debit Card. Phone Banking: They are very successful with the Phone banking (Telephone and Cell Phone). Internet Banking: About 80% of their e-banking is based on the internet Banking. SMS Banking: They also have SMS banking for the clients who are out of the Internet connection and they can have access to get the immediate service with just an SMS. ARAB BANGLADESH BANK LIMITED Debit Card: AB Bank uses the AB Bank Visa Debit Card. Credit Card: The name of AB Banks Credit Card is the AB Bank VISA EASICredit Card. Phone Banking: It uses phone banking as part of e-banking to run its online banking transactions. Internet Banking: The bank provides this service to its customers with a little limit. Western Union Money Transfer: It is also the member of Western Union Money Transfer for which its able to transfer money from one country to another within a moment. BANK ASIA Credit Card: The name of the Bank Asias Credit Card is Bank Asia Credit Card [MasterCard]. Debit Card: The name of the Debit Card of this bank is Bank Asia Debit Card. Mobile Banking: It uses Mobile banking as part of e-banking to run its online banking transactions. Internet Banking: The bank provides this service to its customers with a little limit. SMS Banking: It uses the SMS banking to deal with its grass-root clients. BRAC BANK LIMITED Mobile Banking: It uses Mobile banking as part of e-banking to run its online banking transactions. Internet Banking: The bank provides this service to its customers with a little limit. SMS Banking: It uses the SMS banking to deal with its grass-root clients. Debit Card: The name of Debit Card of the BRAC BANK is BRAC Bank Debit Card. Its allowed for the customers who have only the savings account and can withdraw only the amount belongs to its account balance. Credit Card: It introduces the 0% Credit Card named BRAC Bank Credit Card [MasterCard] which is undoubtedly an exclusive offer to all which is applicable for first 3 months interest free for all retail purchases. It charges no interest for balance transfer. It also allows 10 more supplementary cards for all the relatives. HONGKONG SANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION (HSBC) Credit Card: Although a limited number, a short listed Credit Cards are using by a few Bangladeshis who have a strong Credit worthiness. It permits a certain limits to withdraw beyond ones balance. Debit Card: Its using very much in Bangladesh. A number of ATM booths are available in Bangladesh including Dhaka and Chittagong. Mobile Banking: It uses Mobile banking as part of e-banking to run its online banking transactions. But its not applicable in Bangladesh yet. Internet Banking: Each and every branch of the HSBC is connected through the internet and about 80% of their e-banking is based on the internet Banking. SMS Banking: They also have SMS banking for the clients who are out of the Internet connection and they can have access to get the immediate service with just an SMS. STANDARD CHARTERED BANK Credit Card: It permits to use the Credit Cards to its customers. Debit Card: The customers are using Debit Cards and having great facilities with international bank. Internet Banking: Most of the services of this bank is operating through the Internet. Findings Analysis INDEPTH SWOT ANALYSIS (S)TRENGTHS: Diversification: These ten banks offer various online banking services as to attract the customers of different groups of people. Lower cost advantage: As the banks bring in bulks of customers, their operational costs go down. Multinational marketing capabilities: Being global bank, HSBC and Standard Chartered Bank enjoys the multinational marketing capabilities. They have been successful in attracting savings of savers and investors and lending a large volume of loans with the help of their online banking facilities. Start-up may take time: In order to register for a banks online program, we will probably have to provide ID and sign a form at a bank branch. If the bank is satisfied after proper scrutiny, the bank will permit us to start internet banking which may take a few days. (W)EAKNESSES: Centralization: These banks managements are mostly centralized follows top-down approach, decisions come form corporate branch and sometimes it takes much time to get the approval for credit card, where it could have been done faster. Since, Its competitive market, competitors can take this opportunity to move ahead of it. Manual works: Although the banking system is computerized of the banks; simultaneously records are kept manually for auditing purpose, such as using rubber chop, giving signatures, writing on forms etc. Therefore, these manual works destroy the value that the organization created significantly. Costly: Still most of the banks online banking facilities are somewhat costly. As a result they are yet to be succeeded to bring a large number of customers under the umbrella of E-Banking. (O)PPORTUNITIES: Many untapped regions over the country: Banks can attract even more customers by expanding its branches to other districts or regions and at the same time ensuring online banking service in Bangladesh, and thereby increase their market share profitability. Innovation: Banks innovative online banking products would be able to satisfy various customers needs thereby would be able to reach different target segments. Credit Card Facility: At present, a particular segment has a potential demand for credit cards, so the banks can utilize this opportunity to drag that particular segment before any of its competitors do. Although few banks already providing this facility, but the demand is still there as the existing facility is not sufficient comparing to the need. (T)HREATS: Duplication of the HSBCs service: Existing multinational local banks could copy the banks financial services, so they have to move ahead of others faster. Emerging Competition: New local and multinational banks or other financial institutions could emerge as the banking industry in Bangladesh is still growing, and become a threat to the existing online banking service providers. Political instability: As Bangladeshs political situation is unstable; it affects banking industry as well. So, it means the banks may face fluctuating demand for their products too. Security System used by the Banks Most of the lading banks follow the following security system for their online banking. Software: Online banking service of these banks employs the 128-bit Secure Socket Layer (SSL), which is one of the strongest encryption technologies; most commonly used by large-scale online merchants, banks, and brokerages worldwide. All online sessions between customers and the banks are protected by up to 128-bit encryption, which best protects customers information against disclosure to third parties. TPII software operates on the UNIX platform, which is known to be the worlds most secure and redundant operating system providing multiple users and multiple tasking facilities and Database is maintained in Oracle (RDBMS), the worlds most secure database system. Encryption is used to protect information: Encryption is a method of scrambling customers information to protect its transmission across the Internet. Encryption transforms data into an unreadable form, and decryption reverses that process. Both encryption and decryption require the use of a special code, usually referred to as a key. The encryption of data provides a strong degree of protection against tampering while data is moving through the Internet.    Cookies are not used for this service: A cookie is information that a web site puts on customers hard disk that it can remember something about customer at a later time. This mechanism allows the server to store its own information about a user on the users own computer. These ten banks do not use cookies for this service. ATM Hardware: a) Racal brand 128 bit Host Security Module (HSM) through which card information is encrypted, decrypted along with PIN generation. This device is used worldwide to maintain and relay highly secure information as an exchange platform. After HSM has verified and authorized the PIN and decrypts it, customers receive funds from ATM. The HSM is also responsible for generating ATM Card PINs for the TPII. b) Each ATM has a built-in 64-bit encryption device for ensuring maximum security during transactions. c) Three different ATM models are currently in use. They are the 1064ix (stand-alone ATM), 1071ix (Through-the-Wall ATM) 1072ix (Through-the-Wall) models. Each of the ATMs can capacitate up to four cash cassettes, of which, each one may hold up to 2,000 cash notes. Cash loading in ATMs are based entirely on usage frequency of the machines. d) All ATM booths have 24/7 CCTV surveillance systems to keep records of transactions taking place for a period of over one year. Moreover, each booth has a hot-telephone link affixed for troubleshooting and instant help-desk services. Problems  of implementating online banking Infrastructural deficiency: [WEAKNESS] To implement online banking in our state, the infrastructure is necessary. For this we need availability of electricity supply and telecommunication. Without developing these we cant develop this online banking system properly. Budget allocation: [WEAKNESS] The software is vary intricate to develop because e lacking of apposite in-house. In this regard, banks are to rely on software developing concerns at extreme costs. Hackers: The hacking, the serious crime of computer causes the injury and hazard to the security and safety of users of computer involved in online technology. As a result, hackers are the influential troubles of users of online business of a bank. Online banking services will not be feasible for an economy as most people are illiterate. They are beyond the scope of normal banking service. Micro-credit industry is now not only providing small credit but also mobilizing savings. The big problems are in the regulatory framework: [WEAKNESS] Lack of full convertibility. Bangladesh citizen cannot have access to the world wide online banking service due to regulatory restrictions. The reserve position will not allow free inter-country fund transfer. Risk: [THREAT] The credit information available for banks is often wrong, so it is very difficult to check whether the customer has difficult on a card issued by another bank. A data bank is required to see the list of the defaulters. More unconventional banks fill that gap in the market, trying to grab a share of the internet money, on the premises that they represent the richest and most educated part of the population. Privacy: Another central issue to the consumer is privacy. Database marketing is nothing but the manipulation of data over which customers feel that they want to have some kind of control. The general rule is that consumer privacy rights should be respected. Individuals should easily opt out of online marketing as an extension of their right to be removed from junk mail lists. Unemployment: [THREAT] One pre-conceived widespread idea is computers will displace labor. This is a matter of empirical study. Productivity and profitability are closely interrelated terms. The experienced excess staffs can be easily absorbed in to the expanding financial market. The unemployment will only be structural unemployment since the displaced labor will sooner have later acquired the necessary computer skills and thus become more efficient. Cost-effectiveness: [Weakness] Another misconception is that it is not cost effective. None of the banks that have designed properly on automation plan and implemented it with proper cost benefit analysis became less superior. Actually the acceptance of financial modernization is a matter of vision to the future. Unless computers become cheaper and online facilities become within the reach of middle class, they will remain unfamiliar with internet, and will thus avert them. Role of Government This is particularly important for countries like Bangladesh where very little has been done in development these technologies and skills to promote and support online banking. The government can take the following policies to promote online banking in our country: The intergovernmental agreement for harmonizing the rules and regulations that can help in smooth transformation of the world economy and expansion of a unified world market. The regulations should simply foster competition, protect intellectual property and privacy, and prevent fraud to do businesses under whatever terms they agree upon. An international uniform commercial code is needed to simplify and encourage electronic commerce under consistent rules and rights. Govt. can undertake perfect initiatives to construct feasible, platform of information technology within affordable capacity. Financial allocation should be more widen for global standard banking technology. Adequate number of bank employee will have both computer and banking aptitude and cognizance, suitable in the banking perspective to improve the banking sector. Tele-communication sector is pre-conditions to make fastest online banking services. Unfortunately a tale-communication service of govt. is yet to reach to remote and rural area. RECOMMENDATIONS These banks should Do frequent marketing research: The management of the banks should regularly administer marketing research activities in order to keep a regular track of satisfaction levels. As customer expectations and satisfaction are not static figures regular research at sufficient intervals should be conducted. Handle complains effectively: The banks should actively manage the complaints of various customers and encourage customers to give feedback about the services. The management should collect document complaints use that information to identify dissatisfied customers, correct individual problems where possible and identify common service failure points. Focus on segmentation strategies: The bank should concentrate on the various demographic segments that are currently not very satisfied with the banks services. Products services should be tailored for these segments. Appropriate research and surveys should be designed to find out the requirements of these dissatisfied segments. Do Relationship Marketing: The banks should focus more on existing customers in order to build strong and loyal relationship with them as the survey showed that satisfied customers more aptly or certainly recommends the bank to friends and relatives. Thus the power of relationship will foster Positive Word of Oral Communication and will attract new customers at a lower cost. Establish more ATM booths: From the survey, it is clear that customers are not very happy regarding ATMs locations. So, sufficient number of ATM booths should be established in different location to reach out the customers even further and thereby satisfying their demand. Introduce Credit Card Facility: While handling customers over the counter also over telephone, a certain demand for credit card facility was noticed strongly. We think, if the banks introduce this facility, more customers will be attracted therefore, they will achieve greater market share. Reduce Manual works to minimum: Although many of the ten banks do automation, still there are many things which are done manually in order to tract any errors or transaction, especially in emergency such as system failure etc. As a result, so much time is spent on this type of manual maintenance, which reduces value on delivering services. Thus, it hampers efficiency on delivering faster services. Educate customers in using Phone banking service: A few banks have introduced phone banking service or automatic telephone banking (ATB) in order to fulfill general customer needs and queries quickly, without interrupting employees. However, customers seemed reluctant to use this facility due to fear of machine usage or difficulty in remembering the seventeen digit numbers. Introduce SWIFT: Autonomous Banking culture, reducing dependence on manual service, should be in abundance irrespective of govt. and non-govt. organization in association with `SWIFT to bring about the whole banking service for massive well being of people. Ensuring proper training to the employees: Training should be imparted to the existing IT personnel. the new recruits for IT personnel should be provided with relevant education background. Conclusion Online Banking sets off the journey with a mission of reaching to target group of people across our country. The globalization facilitates the extinction of untidy and troublesome services in order to consolidate the very variegated, faster as well exquisite services to keep the people in regular touch of modernization. Considering this decision, banks and financial concerns took some welcome move recently. Usually all private owned banks from abroad coupled with a few local banks in collaboration with domestic support launched the trend of on-line banking. The completely refurbished banking sector stresses effort to spread this culture of banking. In this connection, only a few banks establish the timely steps by eradicating all sorts of strains and inconvenience in all respect. Since the financial services needs to be very optimum certain not scattered to foster the belief and reliance of people over banking sector. Thereby, the very exclusive and classic service procedure can be accommodated amidst of integration of joint collaboration with modern system. Alongside, the existing banking sector pays much heed and concentration to the fastest growth and development of Online Banking System. In this regard, Bangladesh is still in the backseat whereas the rest of the world is burning in flame of excellence at large. Despite the ascendancy of irresistible constraints, inconsistency that engulf the origin of the online trading, we are extremely aspiring and sanguine of prompt and illustrious development of online banking as rapidly as possible. Therefore, the banks should move ahead of its rivals by applying the recommendations provided above. Certainly, it will help reducing the gap (or dissatisfaction) retaining existing customers. And, once this dissatisfied customers become satisfied, it will not only help to retain existing customers, but it will also help to drag new customers through positive word-of-mouth communications. Also, it will help to attract new segments with different needs. Many customers are dissatisfied due to some areas of incompetent services. So, in order to sustain in the highly competitive banking industry, the banks should take

One Proposal for Peace Based on A Modest Proposal Essay -- English Lit

One Proposal for Peace Based on A Modest Proposal There is a grave national crisis occurring all across the nation. Children everywhere are committing acts of hostility in their schools. Schools are no longer a safe haven for children but are now considered war zones where victims are abundant and violence is the enemy. Fifty-seven percent of public elementary and secondary school principals reported that one or more incidents of crime or violence occurred in their schools and were reported to law enforcement officials. Ten percent of all public schools experienced one or more serious violent crimes. Some 6,093 students were expelled during the 1996-1997 academic school year for bringing firearms or explosives to school. Students ages twelve through eighteen were victims of more than 2.7 million total crimes at school as indicated in the School Crime and Safety 2000 Report by U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice, 2000. Factors contributing to school violence are numerous, complex, and include the following: poverty, dysfunctional families, lack of paternal involvement, unemployment, truancy, and inner-city environment. Adequate parental supervision and control of these students has weakened, and many students have diminished respect for all forms of authority. As a result, schools are confronted with problems of students possessing weapons, involved with gang recruitment and rivalry, and engaged in drug trafficking. Such problems lead to violent ac...

Childhood obesity in the United States

Childhood obesity in the United States and internationally has become a wide spread public health catastrophe. Over the years childhood obesity has increased at a rapid pace. This paper will show the results of the data collection method, the data analysis procedure, and the conclusion of how to apply the background and methodology of the research process with the problems in health care, and apply the emphasis on childhood obesity. Data Collection: The data collection method was appropriate for this study because children were involved and the research was based on previous studies already performed.The collection method used was a reviewed and detailed â€Å"search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, ERIC, Academic Search Premier data bases was carried out for the time period 1999-2011† (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012, p. 1). Key words for this search were â€Å"calorie imbalance, childhood obesity, interventions, physical activity, and policy changing† (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012, p. 1). The subj ects researched were children, the appropriate actions to be taken were parental consent and supervision; the identities of the children remained anonymous throughout the studies.Based on the outcomes of the research, there was no harm or negativity to the children participating in the research project. The concealment of the children was the main concern for the study, this way the children would not undergo the prejudices and abuse for developing an overweight condition, eating an unhealthy diet, and not exercising. There was no communication of individual names, or identifying factor of the children researched. Data Analysis Procedure:The provisions and procedures are appropriate for the type of study conducted and the results received from the research answered the hypothesis that the researchers were considering. The study was centered on preset criteria and questions. The qualitative data is based on numerical facts, which were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) according to Karnik & Kaneka (2012) the report stated the following: In the years 2007-2008 there were an estimated 16. 9% of adolescents and children aged in groups of 2-19 that were over weight.The total number of childhood obesity cases for children in preschool between the ages of 2-5 for boys and girls increased from 5. 0% to 10% between the years of 1976-1980. In the years 2007-2008 childhood obesity increased from 6. 5% to 19. 6% in children who were 6-11 years old. With the data that was collected during the same time period for adolescents aged 12-19 years old obesity increased from 5. 0% to 18. 1% (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012, p. 2). The non-statistical methods of review and the studying of social phenomena have qualitative research concerned.The research is appealing to a primary method in which subjects and groups appear through analysis of information gathered by techniques for example, case studies, observations, interviews, and videotapes. Sample s are typically small and are often nominated intentionally. Descriptions must be detailed when they are of qualitative research and are the perspective of all research members as a way of examining certain problems and issues under study (McCroy, 2013). In this qualitative research the article consists of the information found in relation to genetics, behavior, environmental factors, and interventions.Genetic factors may affect the metabolism, through altering fat, energy consumption, and energy disbursement. Hereditary traits may cause childhood obesity. Childhood obesity can be caused by behavioral issues. The food and drinks that children are ingesting cause more energy, and is not being used in the correct way. With the larger portions of food that children are eating which are high in glucose, and carbohydrates, the energy consumption is higher than the energy expenditure. This can lead to weight gain in children and cause childhood obesity (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012).Children who are not physically active are prone to obesity. The energy that is gained needs to be properly balanced with the energy used (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012). There is a realization that many teens and children are absence of the necessary quantity of some physical activity; therefore the calories are not being used properly, which can lead to obesity. In Iran there was a mixed-methods study which went to prove that there is a shortage of safe places that has easy access for children to get the physical activity they need.The inactive lifestyle may be caused because there are no facilities, for example, safe sidewalks, parks, and paths to ride bicycles on. The main barriers for these adolescents were the unsupportive families. It is seen that inactive lifestyles are a big part of childhood obesity. Children today spend a lot of time sitting and playing video games, watching television, and using their computers. Children tend to eat more goodies while they sit watching television and playin g video games and are spending more and more time with no physical activity.These developmental issues are a brutal cycle. Children are more prone to an inactive lifestyle because of watching television, consuming larger portions of food that are more energy-dense, and with a lack of physical activity, this has caused a rise in childhood obesity. Television advertisements show foods that are high in sugar; this leads children to make the wrong choices when it comes to eating healthy, and can lead to weight gain and childhood obesity. Environmental factors have a huge impact on children, school, home and the community is some of these influences.Parents who interact with their children have a huge influence when it comes to their child’s food choices and can inspire them to live a healthier life style. A huge amount of children’s time is spent in school; schools can help to offer healthy food choices and more physical activity to help promote a healthier lifestyle. With the lack of availability and affordability of healthy food it can affect a child’s nutrition. Conclusion: The provisions and procedures are appropriate for the type of study conducted and the results received from the research answered the hypothesis that the researchers were considering.The study was centered on preset criteria and questions. Childhood obesity can be resolved through prevention, education, and supportable interventions associated to living a healthy lifestyle with the proper nutrition habits and physical activity. Childhood obesity can be decreased with encouragement from the children’s parents. There needs to be an implementation of schools and governmental monitoring of the success or failure of the interventions. If interventions are not working then there should be a reevaluation of intervention to prevent childhood obesity.

Hrm 590 Compendstion Decisions

HRM590: Compensation Decisions Your job now is to pull together all the information you’ve completed so far in class and make salary decisions for your team. You have completed Cathy’s evaluation and received assignment feedback. This is the first year that you’ve made salary decisions for this team. Be sure to carefully review the information provided. You may simply type in the cells as the text will automatically wrap. You are required to: 1. Enter Cathy’s appraisal rating (she is last on the list); 2.Within your budget dollars, make your salary decisions based on performance for your team taking into consideration their Salary Grade and the Pay Ranges identified for the Salary Grades (fill in the Salary Decision Column); 3. Within your budget dollars award bonus money (fill in the Bonus Dollars Column); 4. In the green line areas, provide your substantiation and risk analysis for the salary decisions made; and 5. Identify any items from this scenario i n whole you may want to address. Evaluation ratings are 1 = Needs Improvement to 5 = Exceeds Expectations Salary Budget: $9,000Bonus Budget: $5,000 Company Designated Salary Pay Ranges A2 = $12,750 – 17,000 A3 = 16,500 – 22,000 A4 = 21,000 – 28,000 |Employee Information |Salary |Current Salary |% at Pay Scale* |Appraisal Rating |Salary Decision |Bonus Dollars | | |Grade | | | | | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: John is a major asset to the company and the appraisal rating justifies that.His skills and experience may be hard to replace if he decides to retire early. He was given the | |highest salary decision of 8% which exceeds the company designed salary pay range. It would be a loss to the company to lose such a valuable employee. His bonus was also outstanding based on his appraisal rating | |given. | |Alice is a Hispanic female, 42YO with 17 years’ service. Alice is a good worker. She has a lot of |A4 |$22,500 |80. 4% |3 |3% |600 | |potential, wh ich netted her the higher rating.She needs some more skills and experience at this level| | | | |$675 | | |though. | | | | | | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: Alice has been with the company for 17 years and does a good job, however, she has much to learn at this level and still may need more training to improve in her skills and | |experience.Her appraisal rating was average but still enough to earn the lowest salary increase of 3% and a bonus. | |Calvin, 28YO black male with 9 months service. Calvin is a real go getter. He hasn’t been with the |A4 |$26,500 |94. 6% |4 |3. 75% |600 | |company long enough to earn a higher rating, but his work is outstanding, high skill set and is looking| | | | |$994 | | |to stay with our company for a career. | | | | | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: Calvin is an outstanding worker and will be a major asset to the company. Even though he has not worked with us for too long, we were able to give him at 4 rating which shows that he| | is doing exceptional job in his position. Normally, employees with ratings of 4 would earn a 5% salary raise, but since Calvin has only worked for us for 9mths, we pro-rated his bonus and percentage to 3. 75%. | |Jane is a 32YO white female with 12 years’ service.Jane joined the company as an A3. Her work is |A3 |$19,100 |86. 8% |3 |3% |400 | |satisfactory, nothing to brag about, but she’s been with the company awhile and can be dependable. | | | | |$573 | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: Jane does get her job done but has not shown any more exceptional work. She is reliable and dependable in her work and there has been no complaints or issues.She earned a 3 rating| |which is average; this gave her a 3% raise and a small bonus. | |Beth is a 64YO Asian female with 41 years’ service. Beth stated she would probably retire this year, |A3 |$19,700 |89. 5% |3 |3% |400 | |but has yet to turn in her paperwork. She’s had a history of higher ratings, but her ra tings have | | | | |$591 | | |slipped over the last 6 years. | | | | | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: Beth has been an outstanding worker but in the last 6 years, her ratings have dropped. She meets expectations of her job which gave her a ranking of 3. She was able to get the lowest| |raise of 3% and a small bonus. | |Ben is a 47YO white male with 27 years’ service. He’s a good worker, been with your group for a couple|A3 |21,000 |95. 5% |4 |5% |600 | |years.Hasn’t yet expanded his skills, which you thought he’d do even though hired for a specific job. | | | | |$1050 | | |What he does, he does outstandingly. | | | | | | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: Ben proves to provide excellent work when performing a specific job, but still has not stepped out to expand new skills. He earns a 4 rating which gives him a 5% raise and a $700 | |bonus. |Alex is a 30YO white male with 9 years’ service. He’s quite a guy, performs well at his job. Started |A2 |$15,800 |92. 9% |5 |8% |600 | |as an occupational worker and has worked his way into management. | | | | |$1264 | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: Alex has work his way up to earn what he does now in management. He has shown work that proves that he produce his job well in the manager level.He has earned the highest salary | |raise of 8% based on this appraisal rating with a bonus. | |Ken is a 20YO Hispanic male with 1 year service. Ken is young and fresh. You think he should have |A2 |$17,000 |100% |4 |6% |400 | |been hired at a higher level because his skills are so good. You don’t want to lose him because he | | | | |$1020 | | |adds value to the business.You’ll probably jump him to an A4 position soon. | | | | | | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: Ken should have been hired at a higher salary grade and does outstanding work for the skills that he has. He is currently paid 100% of his the salary pay scale but will most likely | |be moved to the A4 salary grade soon. To keep him within the company, we are offering him 1% more than the offered increase for the rating of 4 (which is 5%).He would be a great addition to the company and we may | |not want to lose him since we plan on moving him up. | |Cathy is your 19YO (ethnicity unknown) femaleHR Receptionist. She has been with the company for 1 |A2 |$12,000 |70. 6% |3 |3% |200 | |year. You recently completed her performance evaluation. | | | | |$360 | | |Substantiation and Risk Analysis: Cathy has been with our company for 1 year and does average work.She still has areas that she needs to focus on but also has areas of work that she completely exceeds. She does | |need much improvement in certain areas for a new hire. She was rated 3 since she meets work performance which gives her a 3% raise and a small bonus. | *This shows the pay scale range for each employee by percentage. Formula is current salary ? top salary range. This percentage range should be between 75% – 100 %. Overall Comments: The salary decision was decided based on the appraisal rating.Ratings of 5 earned an 8% salary raise, ratings of 4 earned a 5% raise, and ratings of 3 earned a 3% raise. Anyone with a rating of 2 or 1 did not earn a raise, which no employee was rated that this year. These salary raise percentages were also considered based on the salary budget given of $9,000 which $8,729 was the expected salary raises overall. The decision was made to give any employee with a 3 rating earning or higher a raise because they did met, highly met, or exceed expectations.Employees that ranked 2 or lower in the appraisal rating needed some improvement or needs lots of improvement, therefore would not earn a raise or a bonus. There was 1 employee, Calvin, that we pro-rated his salary and bonus since he has only been with the company for 9 months. The bonus decision was decided by appraisal ratings and the salary grade the employee was in. Employees in A4 salary received a higher bonus and the lower salary grade received a lower bonus. Also, amounts were distributed based on the bonus budget of $5,000.See chart below. Estimated Bonus Given Based on Salary grade and appraisal rating Appraisal Ratings | |5 |4 |3 | |A4 |1000 |800 |600 | |A3 |800 |600 |400 | |A2 |600 |400 |200 | Salary grade Actual Bonus Given Based on salary grade and appraisal ratingAppraisal Ratings | |5 |4 |3 |Total | |A4 |1000 |600* |600 |2200 | |A3 |0 |600 |800 |1400 | | | | |(2 employees x 400) | | |A2 |600 |400 |200 |1200 | |Total |1600 |1600 |1600 |4800 |Salary grade We were able to keep the bonus within budget of $4800. The amounts estimated happened to work with the bonus budget given. If bonus budget were a different amount, amounts estimated would change also. There were possibilities that not all employees, even if they have a rating of 3 or above, would have gotten a bonus, however, for this year, it worked out that all employees were able to earn a bonus. The remaining amount of $200 not used in the bonus budget was the pro-rated amount from employee, Calvin, which has only worked for us for 9 months.

Film Reaction Paper On No Lies Example

Film Reaction Paper On No Lies Example Film Reaction Paper On No Lies – Coursework Example No Lies There is no doubt in the fact that the movie that is d No lies is one of the strangest videos that I have seen. Indeed, there were points when I really thought that what I was watching was a documentary and everything that happened to the main character was true. Now, thinking about what I have seen, I admire the mastery of the main actress who did her best to convey the strong and so natural feelings.I particularly liked the structure of the movie. There is no doubt in that it has three distinctive parts. Thus, when I was watching the first one I felt that something terrible is going to happen and I was a real shock when the woman said: â€Å"I got raped last week†. Indeed, after watching her being in great mood the discussion about the rape surely worsened it.Thus, at the very end of the movie, the cameraman and the second main character whose face is never shown, but force is heard loud and clear turned quite aggressive all of a sudden. It is his fault that an attra ctive young girl turned into a crying broken woman within several seconds. It would not be a mistake to point out that this transformation is what the movie is about. Finally, the film also features a rather important aspect, namely the way a victim of rape sees the work of police and doctors. I would recommend all the police offices and doctors watch it to get the other perspective of their work.

The Invention and History of Bubble Gum

The Invention and History of Bubble Gum Chewing gum has a history that spans as far back as the ancient Greeks, who chewed the resin from mastic trees. But it wasnt until 1928 that Walter Diemer happened upon just the right gum recipe to make the very first bubble gum, a special type of chewing gum that allows the chewer to blow big pink bubbles. Earlier Attempts Diemer might have invented bubble gum, but he wasnt the first person who wanted to make gum bubbles. There were earlier attempts at making bubble gum in the late 1800s and early 1900s, but these bubble gums did not sell well because they were considered too wet and usually broke before a good bubble was formed. Diemers Bubble Gum Diemer gets the credit for inventing the first successful type of bubble gum. At the time, 23-year-old Diemer was an accountant for Fleer Chewing Gum Company, and he experimented with new gum recipes in his spare time. Diemer thought it was an accident when he hit upon a formula that was less sticky and more flexible than other types of chewing gum, characteristics that allowed a chewer to make bubbles (even if this discovery took him a year of failed attempts.) Then Diemer actually did have an accident: He lost the recipe the day after his discovery and it took him four months to figure it out again. Why Pink? Diemer used a pink dye for his new gum because pink was the only color available at the Fleer Chewing Gum Company. Pink remains the industry standard for bubble gum. Dubble Bubble To test his new recipe, Diemer took 100 samples of the new gum to a nearby store, selling it for a penny apiece. It sold out in a single day. Realizing they had a new, popular type of gum, the owners of Fleer marketed Diemers new gum as Dubble Bubble. To help sell the new bubble gum, Diemer himself taught salespeople how to blow bubbles so that they, in turn, could teach potential customers. Sales broke $1.5 million in the first year. In 1930, packages including a Fleer Funnies color comic featuring characters Dub and Bub were introduced. In 1950, Dub and Bub were dropped for Pud and his pals. Production of Dubble Bubble was halted during World War II because of a shortage of latex and sugar needed for manufacturing. Dubble Bubble remained the only bubble gum on the market in the United States until Bazooka bubble gum appeared after World War II, with the competing comic Bazooka Joe. Evolution of Bubble Gum You can now buy bubble gum in the original sugary pink form, as a small piece wrapped in paper, or as gumballs. And it now comes in a variety of flavors. Besides the original, you can get bubble gum in grape, apple, and watermelon. Gumballs come in original flavor plus blue raspberry, cotton candy, cinnamon apple, green apple, cinnamon, fancy  fruit, and watermelon. Plus you can get gumballs that look like baseballs or smiley faces.

Ethical Concerns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Concerns - Essay Example A patient had been confined in a private room in this health institution for almost one month due to chronic illness with diverse complications. Due to her long stay and numerous laboratory, diagnostic and therapeutic examinations, her statement of account reached a staggering amount which could not be immediately covered by the funds of the patient and her family. She had been accompanied by her daughter who helps by providing physical, emotional and financial support. However, due to the critical condition that her mother experiences, their account was classified as â€Å"red tag†. Patients with red tags are immediately referred to the Customer Relations Department who monitors their status and closely coordinates with the Accounting and Cashier Department for settlement and collection purposes. Once a patient has been classified as â€Å"red tag†, any procedure (therapeutic, diagnostic, laboratory, etc.) need to be immediately settled prior to the administration of the procedure, regardless of the necessity and the kind of the procedure to be undertaken. The rationale for this is to prevent further increases in the amount due to the hospital which might not be collected nor paid. The patient regularly needs any of the abovementioned procedures to monitor her health progress and to identify and assess whether present medications need to be adjusted (increase or decrease in dosage and frequency of administration). However, since this patient was already classified as â€Å"red tag†, and since the daughter still needs to look for alternative sources of funds to settle the staggering amount, the required regular procedures could not be undertaken. In this regard, being a hospital with medical and ethical responsibilities to their patients, does their red tag policy contradict conformity to ethical standards? Based on the underlying definition of ethics, one should examine the rules that govern human action and

WWII Contrasting view Points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WWII Contrasting view Points - Essay Example Lo" by Charles Cawthon. Hughes Rudd began his career for the forces at a very early age of nineteen when he started his training as a pilot in the year 1942. He was a very motivated young man who joined the forces of the united states as a pilot who worked as a spotter and not as a fighter as he had dreamed of. This was because of his imperfect vision. But he pursued his career and after his initial training he was moved from Fort Hays to the Fort Still where the training period became even more difficult with more obstacles. He was again lucky enough and it was his determination which made him graduate from there. After finishing his course he officially became a spotter pilot. He was allotted to work in the 93rd Armored Field Artillery Battalion. He faced many difficulties which included the misconceptions between the navy and the army which could be seen when they were forced to dress in a manner that was difficult for the pilots. He was then finally posted on the field where he worked throughout the wa r and fought against the Germans (Rudd). On the other hand Charles Cawthon was also a soldier who fought during the Second World War. He was in the army of the United States and he was not a pilot but rather a foot soldier. He begins his account directly from his memories of the war and not explaining much about his initial career. He presents with direct events of the war and the inside plans. A clear picture of the events of the war that particularly took place at St. Lo during the war up till the war was over is clearly presented (Cawthon). The spirits of Charles Cawthon do not seem as high as that of Hughes from his initial account when he says that many soldiers were not even aware why they were a part of the army whereas Hughes stated clearly that it was his dream to be a part of the forces. Charles cawthon

Corrections and Prisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corrections and Prisons - Essay Example The court system in the United States is divided into the federal governments and the state governments which are administratively different from each other (Miller & Gaines, 2012). The courts act independent of the legislature and the executive; it is a semiautonomous branch of the government. The federal court system vests power on one Supreme Court and all the other courts remain inferior to the Supreme Court. Federal courts are divided into three levels; the federal district courts, the courts of appeal which is more superior to the district courts and Supreme Court which is the highest federal court. Miller & Gaines (2012) cited that, the federal district courts are made up of 92 districts with at least one bench in each of the available 50 states, one each in the Columbia District and Puerto Rico. There are judges in each of the districts ranging from 1 to 20 judges. District court judges are appointed by the president recommended by the members of the senate and confirmed by t he senate. District federal courts are charged with the responsibility of solving cases like violations of the constitution and other federal laws, cases that directly involve the federal government, maritime disputes, foreign government cases, and cases involving citizens from foreign countries or of two different states (Miller & Gaines, 2012). The court of appeal system consists of 11 judicial circuits in the 50 states and one in the Columbia District. ... and is the only federal court that is mandated by the constitution to give a final jurisdiction on all the cases that come before it. It consists of one Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. In addition, it has jurisdiction on cases that involve two or more U.S. states and high ranking diplomatic staff. Judges in the three main federal courts serve for life (Miller & Gaines, 2012). The federal judiciary also watches over a group of courts that handle specialized and specific cases. For example, the Court of Federal Claims that looks into cases of monetary claims alleged against the U.S. government. There are also the Courts- Martial that handles cases that involve the military personnel under the Military Law and the Tax Court (Miller & Gaines, 2012). State court systems are diverse having a hierarchically organized system that encompasses general and specialized courts. It comprises of inferior courts like the magistrates court, justice of peace court, municipal court, traffic cou rt, municipal court, police court and the county court which handle minor criminal and civil cases in mostly an informal manner (Miller & Gaines, 2012). Serious and superior cases are heard in the state district court mostly known as the superior court. Superior courts hear appeals from minor courts and are organized by counties; they have jurisdiction over major civil suits and serious crimes like grand larceny. Large cities like New York have appellate courts between the superior courts and the states highest courts. Courts with special purposes under the state courts include probate court, family court, divorce courts, juvenile courts, small claims courts and housing courts. Judges in these courts may be elected or appointed. When appointed, the judges

The Consumer with Diagnosis of Anorexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Consumer with Diagnosis of Anorexia - Essay Example 331). Anorexia nervosa involves restricting oneself of food intake and nutrients while anorexia bulimia involves repeated acts of bingeing and purging. Thus, people with the disorder are characterized with either loss of desire to eat or purging behaviors in intent to reduce weight. In the United States, the incidence and prevalence of Americans afflicted with anorexia have risen steadily to 1.2 million individuals and majority of this statistic are adolescents and women (Mehler and Krantz, 2003, p. 331). Anorexia is also common among cancer patients in U.S. with 50% of cancer patients who developed anorexia upon diagnosis and 60%-65% when in the later stage of the disease (Adams et al. 2009, p. 96). The increasing incidence of anorexia for the past decades has been attributed to physiologic, gastrointestinal, metabolic, nutritional, neuronal, endocrine, and societal factors such as emphasis on promoting dieting behaviors and thinness. To study further anorexia, this paper will discu ss the different signs and symptoms of anorexia during a mental status examination, the evidence-based therapeutic interventions, and the potential risks to self and others of unmanaged anorexia. Signs and Symptoms during Mental Status Examination During mental status examination, the consumer with anorexia may present to the emergency department in lethargic state. According to Gurenlian (2002), the dehydration and malnutrition brought by severe dieting may result to headaches, lethargy, and syncope (p. 221). In addition, prolonged protein and electrolyte depletion in the body will lead to weakness, dizziness, and paresthesia. A consumer with anorexia demonstrates behaviors that are profoundly narrow, rigid, and disconnected from reality (Merwin at al. 2011, p. 63). Emotions are suppressed to reduce distress in weight and body image and speech is centered rigidly on verbal guidelines about eating and exercises; thus, becomes preoccupied with weight and body image. Due to emotional suppression, anorexic consumers also have poor self-image and greater rate of suicide attempts (Keifer et al. 2010, p. 304). Thought contents include delusion of seeing oneself as fat, suicidal ideations, and obsessions (Harris, Eberly and Cumella, 2004, p. 24-25). Nutritional and emotional suppression not only account for the delusional thoughts and decreased mental state but also in being less responsive to feedback when learning a task and difficulty in concentrating and making decisions. Evidence-based Therapeutic Interventions Adams et al. (2009) conducted a review of evidence-based interventions to treat and manage anorexia and found out a limited number of empirically-based interventions recommended for management of the disorder (p. 100). Interventions that were reviewed for evidence in the study include dietary interventions and counseling, intake of oral supplements, and use of pharmacologic agents. Based upon the evidences, only two pharmacological interventions are recom mended for treatment of anorexia: these include use of corticosteroids and progestin. Systematic reviews confirmed that corticosteroids stimulate appetite and promote weight gain while progestin not only treat hormone-dependent tumors but has additional effect of increasing body weight and appetite (Adams et al. 2009, p. 98). Dietary interventions and counseling were also found to be effective in reducing incidence of anorexia through improvement in nutritional intake and

EED323 5 Authentic Assessment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EED323 5 Authentic Assessment Paper - Essay Example It is, after all, not sufficient for most uses for the student to have memorized information but have no idea how to apply it. This is especially important in most sciences, since information is useless until it is applies to a real world problem. Therefore, in order to fulfill the need for authentic assessment in science teaching, students must demonstrate that they have identified and retained correct information and be able to use correct procedures to apply that information to the resolution of real world problems. Authentic assessment is a form of assessment in which students perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. Or, as Grant Wiggins (1993) describes it, authentic measures are â€Å"engaging and worthy problems or questions of importance, in which students must use knowledge to fashion performances effectively and creatively. (Mueller, Jon 2005) Students must â€Å"interact with the physical world – drop objects, observe butterfly larvae, measure length and speed, plant seeds and watch the seedlings sprout, build electric circuits and test them – and they must participate in the world of ideas – design experiments, test theories, hypothesize, predict, discuss, and argue† (Hein & Price, 1994, p. 12). Step three is where the actual method of assessment is created. For example, the teacher might assess students by having them participate in a group discussion of a problem, either in front of the class or just of the teacher. A rubric to identify the various components for solving the problem could be used to grade each participant. For example: This is a very simple example. The teacher can expand upon this as needed. An example of how this could be used would be to ask the students to resolve this problem: How do you measure quarts of liquid using only one five quart bottle and one three quart bottle. (Any interesting combination of measures could be used for this.) They need to

Aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Aesthetics - Essay Example Most youths globally, have discarded their traditional cultures to associate with the American culture. Rosing states that music is an important component in the formation of cultural identity. Globalization allows for the spread of culture in the form of the language used in the music, its literature and art. The music allows some people globally to identify with the culture in a way they form their own cultural identity (99). This new culture is created globally through pooling from the different traditions exhibited in the music being presented. Globalization of music has allowed for integration of different group of people globally through the implementation and integration of the music in their lives (100). McLuhan proposes that globalization is promoted by technology. He argues that humans can reach great heights of creativity by using electronic gadgets. The use of the internet has allowed for the formation of intelligent groups of people who can achieve great heights. Thus, the internet has allowed for aesthetics from different culture to be shared easily over the internet and has provided a platform for people globally to associate with their own cultural

The Consumer with Diagnosis of Anorexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Consumer with Diagnosis of Anorexia - Essay Example 331). Anorexia nervosa involves restricting oneself of food intake and nutrients while anorexia bulimia involves repeated acts of bingeing and purging. Thus, people with the disorder are characterized with either loss of desire to eat or purging behaviors in intent to reduce weight. In the United States, the incidence and prevalence of Americans afflicted with anorexia have risen steadily to 1.2 million individuals and majority of this statistic are adolescents and women (Mehler and Krantz, 2003, p. 331). Anorexia is also common among cancer patients in U.S. with 50% of cancer patients who developed anorexia upon diagnosis and 60%-65% when in the later stage of the disease (Adams et al. 2009, p. 96). The increasing incidence of anorexia for the past decades has been attributed to physiologic, gastrointestinal, metabolic, nutritional, neuronal, endocrine, and societal factors such as emphasis on promoting dieting behaviors and thinness. To study further anorexia, this paper will discu ss the different signs and symptoms of anorexia during a mental status examination, the evidence-based therapeutic interventions, and the potential risks to self and others of unmanaged anorexia. Signs and Symptoms during Mental Status Examination During mental status examination, the consumer with anorexia may present to the emergency department in lethargic state. According to Gurenlian (2002), the dehydration and malnutrition brought by severe dieting may result to headaches, lethargy, and syncope (p. 221). In addition, prolonged protein and electrolyte depletion in the body will lead to weakness, dizziness, and paresthesia. A consumer with anorexia demonstrates behaviors that are profoundly narrow, rigid, and disconnected from reality (Merwin at al. 2011, p. 63). Emotions are suppressed to reduce distress in weight and body image and speech is centered rigidly on verbal guidelines about eating and exercises; thus, becomes preoccupied with weight and body image. Due to emotional suppression, anorexic consumers also have poor self-image and greater rate of suicide attempts (Keifer et al. 2010, p. 304). Thought contents include delusion of seeing oneself as fat, suicidal ideations, and obsessions (Harris, Eberly and Cumella, 2004, p. 24-25). Nutritional and emotional suppression not only account for the delusional thoughts and decreased mental state but also in being less responsive to feedback when learning a task and difficulty in concentrating and making decisions. Evidence-based Therapeutic Interventions Adams et al. (2009) conducted a review of evidence-based interventions to treat and manage anorexia and found out a limited number of empirically-based interventions recommended for management of the disorder (p. 100). Interventions that were reviewed for evidence in the study include dietary interventions and counseling, intake of oral supplements, and use of pharmacologic agents. Based upon the evidences, only two pharmacological interventions are recom mended for treatment of anorexia: these include use of corticosteroids and progestin. Systematic reviews confirmed that corticosteroids stimulate appetite and promote weight gain while progestin not only treat hormone-dependent tumors but has additional effect of increasing body weight and appetite (Adams et al. 2009, p. 98). Dietary interventions and counseling were also found to be effective in reducing incidence of anorexia through improvement in nutritional intake and

Aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Aesthetics - Essay Example Most youths globally, have discarded their traditional cultures to associate with the American culture. Rosing states that music is an important component in the formation of cultural identity. Globalization allows for the spread of culture in the form of the language used in the music, its literature and art. The music allows some people globally to identify with the culture in a way they form their own cultural identity (99). This new culture is created globally through pooling from the different traditions exhibited in the music being presented. Globalization of music has allowed for integration of different group of people globally through the implementation and integration of the music in their lives (100). McLuhan proposes that globalization is promoted by technology. He argues that humans can reach great heights of creativity by using electronic gadgets. The use of the internet has allowed for the formation of intelligent groups of people who can achieve great heights. Thus, the internet has allowed for aesthetics from different culture to be shared easily over the internet and has provided a platform for people globally to associate with their own cultural

Old Folks Homes Essay Example for Free

Old Folks Homes Essay When considering the nursing home option for parents or other loved ones, here are a few of the main advantages to keep to mind: †¢ Better resources and equipment: Private homes simply dont have the types of medical equipment and supplies needed to help seniors stay healthy. Many nursing homes are almost as advanced as hospitals in their ability to provide sophisticated care for patients on a 24-hour basis. †¢ High-quality long-term care: Due to modern medicine, seniors now live longer than ever. While were thankful for this, longer life-spans often come with longer periods of late-life illness and disability. Caring for a senior relative at home is often a long-term commitment of many years, sometimes requiring intensive care. †¢ Emergency response and 24-hour monitoring: Nursing homes are equipped to deal with emergencies and other sudden incidents. Internal call systems allow residents to contact staff at any time should something arise. These systems are monitored 24 hours, and experienced staff is always on hand to respond. Lighter emotional burden on family: When an elderly relative being cared for at home experiences suffering, a sudden emergency, or a decline in health, family members are liable to feel guilt and to wonder if they could have done more. Putting the elderly relative in the hands of professionals makes this issue nonexistent. †¢ Family can live their own lives: While we want to help our relatives as much as possible, we also must think of ourselves, our spouses, and our children. Caring for an elderly relative at home can be a time-consuming process for everyone involved, which may take time and energy away from careers, school, hobbies, family bonding, travel, and other important personal matters. If our elderly relative can be just as happy and healthy, if not more so, in a home, why not take the burden off of ourselves? †¢ Social opportunities: Socially, seniors need more than just family. At nursing homes, seniors are out in the world interacting with a variety of people. Other residents provide a chance to form new friendships with others in the same age group. Meanwhile, strong, personal relationships may also be developed with staff members. †¢ Activities: Nursing homes routinely provide the types of activities and, in some cases, outings that are specifically tailored to seniors, and which may not be available in private homes. Nursing homes usually provide movies, reading material, games, activities, and other types of events. In addition, they often have private gardens where residents can go for strolls, get resh air, and even do some gardening. The nursing home is a facility created with a precise role ,in the medical care for elderly . In this facility are admitted the patients discharge from hospital. After the discharge from the hospital,the recovery process continue for a period of time in the nursing home. Being equipped for physical therapy,and speech therapy,the patient with stroke has an appropriate place to recover. After surgery for fracture of the hip,the motor recovery is better than in home. For a limited period of time the admission in nursing home,can be handle by the family and aging patient,in the interest of both sides. Many times the family makes opposition at the recommendation for transfer from hospital to nursing home. Even today,we meet a misconception about the reputation of nursing homes. Everybody can be in the aging process candidate for admission as resident in nursing home. In these days when the younger people in the family are busy with their job and family,less and less make an effort to keep the elderly parent in home. For elderly parents,changing his environment can be devastating. I knew many aging people who were admitted in the nursing home , because the family,couldnt do an appropriate arrangement for them. Several aspects in the health status of admitted aging patient in nursing home,can be observed and avoided. In the majority of patients,was noted a clear refuse to be admitted in nursing home. If the patient was admitted,the emotional reaction was painful for the family and patient. The patient came withdrawn,refuse to communicate with staff. When the family came for visit,the patient hostility and lack of understanding of the family,aggravated their relationship. The patient develop feeling of abandon from the family. Sometimes they express paranoid manifestations,believing that the family wanted to take over their assets. The patient is unable to communicate with other residents in nursing home. Many times ,in their paranoid behavior,include the staff of nursing home. They believe that the family and the nursing home,conspire ,to steal the assets. Among the other changes in behavior and emotional status,often the other residents or staff,report:refuse to eat and drink,Decline to take the medication. Refuse to have the daily body care. Their sleep is also disturbed. In short period of time,the physical condition is deteriorating. Possibility to catch intra facility infections is very high possibility. These are only several aspects related to the elderly admitted in nursing home. The majority of statistics,showed that a patient admitted in this facilities,have a rate of survival shorter,comparatively with elderly living in their own residence. The best place to live is the residence where is well known for aging people. They know where are the daily tools used for grooming. Any changes in their environment can have emotional reaction. They can be confused,unable to behave like before,having premature manifestations of dementia. The family of elderly parents,have to be aware about all physical and mental changes of the aging parents. An appropriate care can avoid unpleasant situations and all consequences of changing the own residence with the nursing home.

Tourism Impact Studies Toward The Society Tourism Essay

Tourism Impact Studies Toward The Society Tourism Essay Tourism is often referred as the worlds largest industry and look upon as a means of achieving community development (Sharpley, 2002). According to the World Tourism Organisation (2009), tourism is one of the worlds fastest growing industry and one of the global engines of development. One of the most popular issues of tourism is tourism impact studies toward the society. The understanding of communitys perceptions on tourism impacts is important. The main reason for this study was to know, the increasing support that tourism bring both positive and negative impacts on local communities life. Different perception from different residents can give insight into the nature and degree of tourism impacts towards the respective tourist destination. The community perceptions on tourism impacts are likely to be an important planning for successful community development (Ko Stewart, 2002). 2.1 Social Conflict Theory The social conflict theories perceive society as providing a setting that creates conflicts and changes. In fact, this approach laid importance on equality and come across the degree to which factors like race, ethnicity, gender and age are connected to unequal distribution of money, power, and social prestige. (Macionis, 2000). Equation engaged a number of cases where communities are involved in struggling with tourism developments. Social change strengthen by challenges of tourism can be negative as well as positive. Indeed the positive example described above went through set-backs and conflicts as part of the process. However, in several cases, increased conflict is more than a momentary jinx. Conflict has arisen both within and between communities. 2.2 Aspects of Conflict Therefore, by discarding the fact that society functions to encourage solidarity and social consensus, conflict theorists put onward that society is about competition for scarce resources. This competition is replicated in the social institutions themselves and allows some people and organizations to have more resources and maintain their power and influence in society. Moreover, residents may experience a sense of elimination and isolation over planning and development concerning the village and they may even endure a loss of control over the community future as outsiders seize over the new development and establishment. Hotels built in massive quantity or restaurants with standardized franchise designs might collide with local standards and disrupt the aesthetic appearance of the community, harm the unique community character, and spread equality. Furthermore, since the tourism industry has developed, there have been an increasing number of incidents whereby local people are denied access to their traditional rights of use to beaches, land and sea. The locals often allege that they are chased away from their lands and are denied their exclusive rights. The farmers are compelled to move away from their original farms as soon as the area is earmarked for tourism development. 2.3 Doxeys Irridex Model Doxeys created a theoretical model in 1975, which has come to be considered as one of the most significant contribution to tourism literature. The Doxeys Irridex Model affirms that an increase in the numbers of tourists and a more developed tourism industry at the destination results in irritation in the community. In other words, this can show the way to incongruity of the local people and the guest. This irritation can take the form of unfriendly behavior personified as resentment from the local community towards tourism. In this case the perception of the residents varies from euphoria (a feeling of happiness or comfort) to apathy when locals start losing interest in tourism; to annoyance after the numbers of tourist and the unfavorable impacts have increased; and finally antagonism (a generation of hostile reaction against tourism) (Cordero 2008). 2.4 Butlers Tourism Destination Lifecycle Model Butlers Tourism Destination Lifecycle Model (2006) proposed that every tourist destination experience similar stages of development: exploration involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, decline and/or rejuvenation. Figure 1: Butlers Tourism Destination Lifecycle Model (Source: Butler 1980) The primary stage in the destination lifecycle begins with small numbers of tourists who visit the area steadily due to limitation such as accessibility to the area. The numbers of tourist increases as development take several forms depending on such factors as the availability of information, marketing activities in the area and the existence of various services and facilities. The numbers of tourists then begin to decline because of the destination reaching its full carrying capacity. Butlers model has been supported by scholars such as Akis (1996); it has been contradicted by others such as Dyer (2007). Both Butlers Destination Lifecycle Model and Doxeys Irridex Model are limited by their unidirectional conceptualizations. 2.5 Aps Model For Understanding Residents Reactions According to Eagly (1993), attitude is defined as an emotional tendency that is articulated by evaluating a particular entity with some degrees of favor or disfavor. Development stages here are illustrated as embracement, tolerance, adjustment and finally withdrawal (Ap 1993). Similar to Doxeys and Butlers models, this model illustrates the way in which tourism development influences local peoples attitudes towards tourism. Embracement takes place when local people, especially those who benefit from tourism, accept it and feel positively about its impacts. In the tolerance stage, local people start feeling more of the impact of tourism. They become divided between being for or against tourism. Depending on the degree of their involvement in tourism, some of them adjust as per the adjustment stage while others do not. To end with, withdrawal takes place when local people can no longer deal with the impact of tourism and so their negative perceptions take over. 2.6 Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory (SET), applied here, proposes that residents are akin to support tourism as long as the perceived benefits exceed the perceived costs. SET is supported on the principle that human beings are reward-seeking and punishment avoiding and that people are motivated to action by the expectation of profits (Skidmore, 1975). SET presumes that social relations engage exchange of resources among groups seeking mutual benefits from exchange relationships. There are a number of issues influencing residents attitudes towards tourism development related to its social, cultural, and environmental implications that have been studied using social exchange theory. SET is concerned with identifying the exchange of resources between parties in a dealings situation where the objects suggested for exchange have value, are measurable, and there is mutual dispensation of rewards and costs between actors (Ap, 1992; Madrigal,1995). From a tourism standpoint, SET hypothesizes that an individuals attitudes towards this industry, and ensuing level of support for its development, will be prejudiced by his or her valuation of resulting outcomes in the community. Exchanges must take place to have tourism in a community. Thus residents must enlarge and encourage it, and then serve the needs of the tourists. Some community residents obtain the benefits, while others may be negatively impacted. Social exchange theory advocates people estimate an exchange based on the expenses and profit incurred as a result of that exchange. An entity that makes out benefits from an exchange is likely to evaluate it positively; one that makes out costs is likely to evaluate it negatively. Thus, residents perceiving their benefiting from tourism are likely to view it positively, and visa versa. In general, we may end that residents are likely to contribute in an exchange if they believe that they are likely to gain benefits without incur ring unacceptable costs. If locals perceive that the benefits are greater than the costs, they are inclined to be involved in the exchange and, thus endorse future development in their community. 2.6 Tourism and Sustainability Sustainability, for tourism encompasses of three interconnected aspects: Socio Cultural, Economical and Environmental. Sustainability entails durability, so sustainable tourism embrace optimum use of resources, in concert with biological diversity; minimization of ecological, cultural and social impacts, and maximization of benefits to conservation and local communities. However, the promotion of tourism development in many circumstances often takes place without balancing short term economic other than priorities with longer-term environmental and socio cultural objectives. The tourism development study replicated highlights the importance of peoples participation throughout power sharing, social cohesion and knowledge enhancement (Prentice, 1993; Frumn, 1998; Timothy, 1999; Tosun, 2000; Mitchell and Reid, 2001). Therefore the justification of this study was to investigate the different type of conflicts and consequences arising from tourism in the village of Belle Mare. Tourisms socio cultural, economical and environmental impacts are example, from the perspective of the host community, of the problem caused by tourists. 2.7 Socio-Cultural Impacts of tourism The socio cultural impacts are changes occurring in the daily life of the society and the adaptation to the existence and operation of the tourism sector. Tourism has often been assessing for its negative socio cultural impacts, but all types of modern development bring socio cultural impacts. Socio-cultural amendment stimulated by tourism on host communities includes changes in conventional lifestyle, value systems, family relationships, individual behavior and community structure (Ratz 2000). They basically resulted from the cultural and economic differences between residents and tourists (Lavery, 1996; Crosby and Moreda, 1996). Evidence from numerous assessments of tourism impact reveals that tourism activity and development have both positive and negative impacts on local communities and their cultures. In simple term, Wolf (1977:3) states that socio cultural impacts are People Impacts; they refer to the positive and negative effects on the host population of their direct and ind irect connection with tourist. Socio-cultural impacts relay to changes in societal value systems, individual behavior, social relationships, lifestyle, and mode of expression and community structures. The focal point of socio-cultural impacts tends to be on the host community, i.e., the people who reside in tourist destinations, rather than the tourist-generating region. Mathieson and Wall (1982), state that socio-cultural impacts are the effect on the people of host communities, of their direct and indirect associations with tourists. The impacts of tourism on socio cultural aspect can be both positive and negative (Swarbrooke 1999). He argues that the negative or positive impacts are concluded in accordance of the factor such as the structure of the local community and its own culture. Thus the residents perception on the impacts can alter by factors such as age, education, gender, community attachment, and the reliance on tourism. With regard to community attachment, most studies have accomplished that the longer, a host has been resident in the area, the less they like tourism that is they are less attached to tourism (Jurowski 1997, Weaver 2001, McGehee and Andereck 2004). 2.7.1 Positive Cultural Impacts of Tourism Tourists want to welcome the uniqueness aspects of culture of various sections of the heterogeneous population that why they travel from one country to another. However, culture can be understood as the whole way of life that is fundamental for the survival of a specific group or people living in a specific society. Thus, culture can be the dominant values that give direction for the day-to-day activities of people in society, comprising of the symbolic values and beliefs, intellectual and artistic achievements, traditions and rituals as well as the dominant patterns of living. Arts and Handicrafts Tourism contributes in the protection of Archeological and Historical sites, Arts and Handicrafts, Customer and Traditions in our country. Special mention should be made to Arts and Handicrafts for tourism in Mauritius as it has paved the way for the success of this particular sector. The arts and Handicrafts sector produces a variety of souvenirs, with higher-quality carvings, and hand made Artifacts to please the demands of foreign visitors. In order to attract more tourists, architectural and historical sites are restored and protected (Inskeep, 1991; Liu and Var 1986). Souvenir is recognized as authentic memento of a particular place and is powerful signifiers of ideological meaning. It can be use as an aide memoire of a particular place; a symbols of certain cultures and religions and also as a reflex of social processes, interest and power relations. In certain societies the souvenir is important, not only as a cultural artifact but also as an analytic tool for understanding complex social processes. Culture Expression Tourism is the edge for cultural exchange, facilitating the communication between residents and guests (domestic and international). Apart from the economic benefits there are also outside contacts which draws the awareness to the community that is the resident want to intermingle with other culture, learn about other traditions and even meet with new perspectives of life and society. Tourism has brought villagers into closer contact with the outside world; residents come into contact with ideas of the wider world, partly by having conversation with tourists. Tourism also helps to encourage interest in, and conserve aspects of, the hosts cultural heritage, which contribute for additional income for the destination as well as for the individuals and local business. Moreover, many people of different cultures come together by means of tourism facilitating the exchange of cultures (Brayley et al, 1990). Tourism in general is an experience driven industry, and local culture is a sole experience, than building attractions. The further one makes out and learns about a destination or its culture the more satisfying the experience will be. Tourism also helps to encourage a sense of community pride when tourists visit a specific location for a reason. Nonetheless, community pride is normally transmitted into economic prosperity. Well-groomed village and well-maintained facilities help visitors to feel welcome and can contribute to community pride. 2.7.2 Negative Cultural Impacts of Tourism Negative socio cultural impacts are the result of direct contact and the demonstration effect. Tourism has been criticized because it generates anxiety and it can be a source of inter-generational stress. There are also other instances where cultural tourism has resulted in the commercialization of customs and traditional ceremonies. As stated by McNaughton (2006), tourism has the potential to create inequality and social tension. Sing-Cheong (2007) state that the tourism industry and globalizations are crossing borders between nations and cultures, resulting in many socio-cultural consequences. Trivialization It refers to the revolutionized facets of culture into a commercialized form of entertainment for tourist. A very well-known example of trivialization refers to the sega in Mauritius. The sega is mostly being sung by the slaves to grieve for their loss of freedom and taking them away from their homes or loved one. But today it has become a commercialized form of entertainment performed in an elegant style by professional groups in Hotels and Restaurants. The customary musical instrument The Maravanne, The Ravanne, The tambourine, and The Triangle have been replaced by sophisticated modern instruments with a view to develop culture. The sega has lost its natural beauty; they turned out to stimulate the inner feelings of the tourists. Religious Conviction Sacred places such as, Grand Bassin, Cathedrale Saint Louis, Le Temple Kaliamen (Kalaysson), La Jummah Mosquee, Le Marie Reine De La Paix and Le tombeau De Pere Laval are famous religious visiting sites in Mauritius. Important issues to be noted here is that tourists in Mauritius are free to visit any religious shrines. But when visiting all these holy places, they are not properly dressed that is they wears shorts, miniskirts, and no removal of shoes at the temple and mosques. Tourist Behavior Tourists often, out of ignorance or carelessness, fail to respect local customs and moral values, when they take a quick snap shot of the labourer or fisherman without asking their permission. When they do so, they can bring about irritation and stereotyping and can also invade the local peoples lives. Social Evils The relationship between tourism and crime is hard to ascertain. According to Doxey, 1975, tourism may also be related to an increased in crime, drugs, and prostitution and beyond a certain volume it can be a source of antagonism. Tourism may also lead to a decline in moral values, invokes use of alcohol and drugs; increase crime rates and tension in the community (Liu and Var 1986; Milman and Pizam 1988). But crime rates naturally increase with the growth and urbanization of an area. The existence of large number of tourists with lots of money to spend, increases the attraction for criminals and brings with it activities like robbery and drug dealing. The commercial sexual exploitation of children and young women has paralleled the growth of tourism. Belle-Mare has become a victim of this act as apartments are being rent on a timely basis. Nevertheless tourism is not the cause of sexual exploitation; it provides easy access to it. Loss of Control over Community Future The main collisions of the tourist host relationship are the demonstration effect, when the local people manners are modified in order to imitate tourists. Youth are particular prone to demonstration effect particularly in term of changing dress behavior, spending extravagantly on consumption and so on. As such tourist host interaction constitutes only one factor for change in attitudes, values or behavior. There are also other major agents who lead to the demonstration effects such as radio, internet, print media, increased traveling, television and videos. Access to Resources Though Mauritius has a number of potential inland attractions, beach visitation remains a popular leisure activity of Mauritians. The spreading out of hotels and campement along the coastline has snatched away the rights of the citizens to walk freely or enjoy the attractiveness of their beaches. They are even forced to move away from their original farms as soon as the area is earn marked for tourism development. The residents are as such not against tourist but rather against the restriction. The local people express a feeling of fear and frustration as the village of Belle Mare is developing rapidly and this will impinge further Right of Future Generation. 2.8 Economic Impacts of tourism The most prominent benefits used to promote tourism development are the economic benefits that communities can anticipate to derive from tourism activity. Thus tourism was encouraged first because of its economic impacts. Tourism is an engine for generating a range of new private and public income opportunities. Tourism is an industry with enormous economic impacts The most immediate and direct benefit of tourism development is the creation of jobs and the opportunity for people to increase their income and standard of living in local communities. Hence local communities turn to tourism as a means of raising income, increase employment and living standards (Akis et al., 1996). These impacts are obvious as tourists interact with the local economy, and community. The economic impacts of tourism are the most widely researched impacts of tourism community (Mason, 2003). Economic impacts are easier to research in local community because it is small and generally easier to assess. The impa ct can either be positive, beneficial, or negative and detrimental to local community. Tourism can have positive economic effects on local economies, and are visible impact on national GDP growth. It could also an essential component for both community development and poverty reduction (Ashe, 2005). The economic impacts of tourism are therefore, generally perceived positively by the residents (Tatoglu et al., 2000). Economic impacts are one of the most researched areas of tourism. As Pearce (1989) put out: Studies of the impact of tourist development on a destination or destinations have been the largest single element of tourism research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦much of this is predominantly the work of economists and has concentrated on the effects of income and employment. Hence economic impacts are associated to and cannot be easily alienated from other types of impacts. All economic developments pertaining to tourism have effects on the society, economy and the environment. 2.8.1 Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism Tourism has been a milestone in the development of Mauritian economy. Our country has passed through several distinct phases and in the process, has successfully diversified from a Monocrop culture highly dependent on the Export of sugar into Manufacturing, Tourism and Financial sector. Contribution to GDP The National income or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the most important measures of the pecuniary consequences of Tourism. As the largest component of tourism industry, hotels and restaurants, inevitably reflects a fair idea of overall tourism contribution on the economy. Data from the Bank of Mauritius indicate that gross tourism receipts for the first nine months of 2010 were Rs 28,167 million, i.e. an increase of 9.7% compared to Rs 25,685 million for the same period of 2009, (Table 1). Increase Opportunities for Shopping Another argument for the growth of tourism industry is that it gives local people the opportunity for more shopping. This is so because with the development of tourism, there are more and more shopping centers, supermarket, shops, restaurants and many other business units which are setting up in Belle Mare, as providing them with first class services for both the local as well for the foreigners. Employment Opportunities Tourism as a highly labour intensive service industry offers a wide range of Direct Employment and Indirect Employment. Also, tourism helps out to generate employments (e.g., Ahmed Krohn, 1992; Backman Backman, 1997; Milman Pizam, 1987; Var Kim, 1990). With the setting up of different hotels, restaurants, bungalows, shopping centers, supermarkets and many other businesses in Belle Mare, have help to reduce the unemployment problem. According to the survey of Employment and Earnings conducted by the Central Statistics Office, direct employment in hotels, restaurants and travel and tourism establishments employing 10 persons or more stood at 27,161 at the end of March 2010 showing an increase of 0.6% over the figure of 27,002 for March 2009. Of this number, 20,847 or 76.8% were engaged in hotel, (Table 2). Improve Transport, Infrastructures and Public Utilities The development or improvement of infrastructure constitutes an essential economic impact of tourism development in Mauritius. Urbanization caused by rapid development of tourism might improve governmental and local services such as police station, fire station and security (Milman and Pizam 1988). Usually the gains from infrastructural investment leads to good electricity, water network supply, improvements of roads networks and modernization of Airport are widely shared by other economic sector, tourist and hosts of the country 2.8.2 Negative Economic Impacts According to Schianetz, Kavanagh and Lockington (2007), while tourism provides financial benefits, it can also generate negative effects in other areas. An impact of tourism is generally evaluated negatively, it is concern for the welfare of the community as a whole and cooperation among its citizens is decreased markedly as tourism increases and incomes rise. Rise in Price The very expansion of tourism development has increased land values especially in some coastal tourist village. Increasing demand for accommodation, especially in tourism seasons, might push up the rents as well as the land prices for building new houses and hotels (Pizam 1978; Var et al, 1985). For example, lands for residential development in Belle-Mare were sold in 1987 at an average price of hundreds per square meter but in 2010 the land valued is within millions per square meter. Tourism is yet only one factor for escalation in the land values-speculative attitudes have been endangered by the increasing influence of the host population and by a realization that land is a scarce resource in small island Mauritius are potential significant factors to take into consideration. Cost of Living Negative economic impacts highlighted by an increase in the price of goods and services have been alleged by residents in several surveys (Belisle Hoy, 1980; Keogh, 1989; Pizam, 1978; Tosun, 2002; Weaver Lawton, 2001). Tourism is a contributor to inflation by preempting supplies, leading to higher prices of consumer items especially fresh fruits and vegetables, and fresh fish in tourist zone. Even Liu and Var (1986) argue that the price of goods and services might go up with the increased demand from foreign customers. Resident argues Belle-Mare has become very expensive, with the same price charged to resident and tourist alike. There exist a feeling of frustration and irritation among residents of tourist zone who felt deprive of some consumer items. Imported goods There are other short-term economic costs that may result from tourism. If tourism growth is largely dependent on imported goods and services, there is a risk that existing local production may be hit adversely. This effect can be particularly noteworthy if demonstration effect results in the local population, copying tourists and increasing their consumption of imported goods and services rather than domestically produced ones. Infrastructure Cost The development of tourism can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money. Developers will rely on the government to improve the airport, roads and other infrastructure, and other financial advantage, which are costly activities for the government and they will only enjoy the benefits. Public resources spent on the financing of infrastructure may trim down government investment in other artificial areas such as education and health 2.9 Environment Impact in Tourism The environment is being increasingly recognized as a key factor in the tourism sector. In the last decade of the twentieth century, it has been noted that tourism depends ultimately upon the environment, as it is a major tourism attraction itself, or in the context in which tourism activity take place (Holden, 2000). Tourism and the environment are directly linked since the idea of tourism is based completely on mans desire to get out and experience nature. The term environment is often assumed to be only the physical or natural features of a landscape but according to swarbrooke, 1999, there are five aspect of the environment, namely, the natural environment, wildlife, the farmed environment, the built environment and natural resources. Among these, each component are linked together. If tourism is not well planned it can result in the following consequences for the environment: Land Resources Since there is a rapid development in the tourism sector, there is a high use of land resources to cater for the demand of recreational facilities as well as construction of tourism accommodation and other infrastructure and consequently the natural landscape is threatened through deforestation. Sewage and Littering The construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads to increase sewage and littering. Waste water has polluted seas and rivers surrounding tourist attractions, damaging the flora and fauna. There is also wide use of toxic pesticides on the beaches to control sand files and other pests. The chemical ends up in the sea in a very short time, thus sewage and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the water and cause the death of marine animals. Pollution Besides the consumption of large amounts of natural and other local resources, the tourism industry also generates considerable air, noise and sea pollution, which can be detrimental for the residents living in the locality. 2.10 Conclusion Thus we can say that in Mauritius, a more appropriately planned tourism development process is needed which would spread both costs and benefit more equitably as well as be more sensitive to the social and cultural impacts. This would not only reduce for local residents to trade off their quality of life and social costs for economic growth, but would also contribute to having more broadly based positive attitude towards tourism (Mansfield 1992). A larger proportion of the local population should benefit from tourism, rather than merely bearing the burden of its costs. Manu analysts call for greater local participation in the tourism sector to permit a more equitable distribution of costs and benefits (Blank 1989)